The Pure Oil Company, Emery's creation, has survived all its trials and has done an excellent business.

And meanwhile other independents sprang up with the discovery of oil in other parts of the country.

This discovery first astonished the Standard Oil men themselves; when someone suggested to Archbold, thirty-five years ago, that the midcontinent field probably contained large oil supplies, he laughed, and said that he would drink all the oil ever discovered outside of Pennsylvania.

In these days a haunting fear pursued the oil men that the Pennsylvania field would be exhausted and that their business would be ended.

This fear, as developments showed, had a substantial basis; the Pennsylvania yield began to fail in the eighties and nineties, until now it is an inconsiderable element in this gigantic industry.