So, too, her ablest men of intellect have striven nobly and with marked success to revive among them a sense of filial affection and gratitude for all that Spain contributed to mold the mind and heart of her kindred in distant lands.

On their part, the Hispanic Americans have come to a clearer consciousness of the fact that on the continents of the New World there are two distinct types of civilization, with all that each connotes of differences in race, psychology, tradition, language, and custom--their own, and that represented by the United States.

Appreciative though the southern countries are of their northern neighbor, they cling nevertheless to their heritage from Spain and Portugal in whatever seems conducive to the maintenance of their own ideals of life and thought.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE For anything like a detailed study of the history of the Hispanic nations of America, obviously one must consult works written in Spanish and Portuguese.

There are many important books, also, in French and German; but, with few exceptions, the recommendations for the general reader will be limited to accounts in English.
A very useful outline and guide to recent literature on the subject is W.W.Pierson, Jr., "A Syllabus of Latin-American History" (Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1917).

A brief introduction to the history and present aspects of Hispanic American civilization is W.R.Shepherd, "Latin America" (New York, 1914).