There can be little doubt that Francesco da Narni, who appeared in Tuscany early in the March of that year, coming from the French Court for the purpose of arranging a league of Florence, Bologna, Siena, and Lucca--the four States more or less under French protection--had been besought by Florence, to the obvious end that these four States, united, might inter-defend themselves against Valentinois.

And Florence even went so far as to avail herself of this to the extent of restoring Pandolfo Petrucci to the lordship of Siena--preferring even this avowed enemy to the fearful Valentinois.

Thus came about Petrucci's restoration towards the end of March, despite the fact that the Siennese were divided on the subject of his return.
With the single exception of Camerino, where disturbances still continued, all was quiet in the States of the Church by that summer of 1503.
This desirable state of things had been achieved by Cesare's wise and liberal government, which also sufficed to ensure its continuance.
He had successfully combated the threatened famine by importing grain from Sicily.

To Sinigaglia--his latest conquest--he had accorded, as to the other subjected States, the privilege of appointing her own native officials, with, of course, the exception of the Podesta (who never could be a native of any place where he dispensed justice) and the Castellan.

In Cesena a liberal justice was measured out by the Tribunal of the Ruota, which Cesare had instituted there, equipping it with the best jurisconsults of the Romagna.
In Rome he proceeded to a military organization on a new basis, and with a thoroughness never before seen in Italy--or elsewhere, for that matter--but which was thereafter the example all sought to copy.