Hatred is pain, accompanied by the idea of an external cause.
Explanation--These observations are easily grasped after what has been said in the explanation of the preceding definition (cf.
also III.xiii.

note).
VIII.

Inclination is pleasure, accompanied by the idea of something which is accidentally a cause of pleasure.
IX.

Aversion is pain, accompanied by the idea of something which is accidentally the cause of pain (cf.III.xv.

note).
X.