Q.E.D.
Note .-- We may add, that these emotions show defective knowledge and an absence of power in the mind; for the same reason confidence, despair, joy, and disappointment are signs of a want of mental power.

For although confidence and joy are pleasurable emotions, they nevertheless imply a preceding pain, namely, hope and fear.

Wherefore the more we endeavour to be guided by reason, the less do we depend on hope; we endeavour to free ourselves from fear, and, as far as we can, to dominate fortune, directing our actions by the sure counsels of wisdom.
PROP.XLVIII.

The emotions of over--esteem and disparagement are always bad.
Proof .-- These emotions (see Def.

of the Emotions, xxi.