James II.

modifies this decision, which is again modified by William.

In the midst of trials, reports, and modifications, pauperism increases, and the workingman languishes and dies.
"The poor-tax in 1774 exceeded forty millions of francs; in 1783-4-5, it averaged fifty-three millions; 1813, more than a hundred and eighty-seven millions five hundred thousand francs; 1816, two hundred and fifty millions; in 1817, it is estimated at three hundred and seventeen millions.
"In 1821, the number of paupers enrolled upon the parish lists was estimated at four millions, nearly one-third of the population.
"FRANCE.

In 1544, Francis I.establishes a compulsory tax in behalf of the poor.

In 1566 and 1586, the same principle is applied to the whole kingdom.
"Under Louis XIV., forty thousand paupers infested the capital [as many in proportion as to-day].