[59] "The communes once organized, the kings treated them as superior vassals.

Now, just as the under vassal had no communication with the king except through the direct vassal, so also the commoners could enter no complaints except through the commune.
"Like causes produce like effects.

Each commune became a small and separate State, governed by a few citizens, who sought to extend their authority over the others; who, in their turn, revenged themselves upon the unfortunate inhabitants who had not the right of citizenship.
Feudalism in unemancipated countries, and oligarchy in the communes, made nearly the same ravages.

There were sub-associations, fraternities, tradesmen's associations in the communes, and colleges in the universities.

The oppression was so great, that it was no rare thing to see the inhabitants of a commune demanding its suppression...."-- Meyer: Judicial Institutions of Europe.
In France, the Revolution was much more gradual.