For St.Augustine's opinion, see the De Civitate Dei, xvi, 9, where this great father of the church shows that the antipodes "nulla ratione credendum est." For the unanimity of the fathers against the antipodes, see Zockler, vol.1, p.127.For a very naive summary, see Joseph Acosta, Natural and Moral History of the Indies, Grimston's translation, republished by the Hakluyt Soc., chaps.

vii and viii; also citations in Buckle's Posthumous Works, vol.ii, p.645.For Procopius of Gaza, see Kretschmer, p.55.See also, on the general subject, Peschel, Geschichte der Erdkunde, pp.

96-97.

For Isidore, see citations already given.

To understand the embarrassment caused by these utterances of the fathers to scientific men of a later period, see letter of Agricola to Joachim Vadianus in 1514.