If they gain a favorable hearing he triumphs over him--if they are disregarded, he concludes that the magistrate also is his enemy, and he goes away with a rankling grudge against his master.

Thus he is gradually led to assert his own cause, and he learns to contend with his master, to reply insolently, to dispute, quarrel, and--it is well that we cannot add, to _fight_.

At least one thing is the result--a permanent state of alienation, contempt of authority, and hatred.

_All these are the fruits of the apprenticeship system_.

They are caused by transferring the power of the master, while the _relation_ continues the same.