Hence sprung the modern State, which represents the reverse of this relation, in which the Sovereign is the first servant of the State, and the interest of the State, and not of the ruler, is the key to the policy of the Government.

With this altered conception of the State the principle of nationality has gradually developed, of which the tendency is as follows: Historical boundaries are to be disregarded, and the nations combined into a political whole; the State will thus acquire a uniform national character and common national interests.
This new order of things entirely altered the basis of international relations, and set new and unknown duties before the statesman.

Commerce and trade also developed on wholly new lines.
After 1815 the barriers to every activity--guilds and trade restrictions--were gradually removed.

Landed property ceased to be a monopoly.

Commerce and industries flourished conspicuously.