Pare, Morgagni, Portal, Hewson Smith, Dupuytren, Laennec, and others mention this injury.

Gosselin reports two cases terminating in recovery.

Ashurst reports having seen three cases, all of which terminated fatally before the fifth day; he has collected the histories of 39 cases, of which 12 recovered.

Otis has collected reports of 25 cases of this form of injury from military practice exclusively.

These were generally caused by a blow on the chest, by a piece of shell, or other like missile.