One result of the episode was that it filled Hawkins and Drake with desire for revenge on Spain, which was wreaked in due time but in European waters.
Another consequence was a discouragement of English slave trading for nearly a century to follow.
[Footnote 2: Hakluyt, _Voyages_, ed.1589.This and the accounts of Hawkins' later exploits in the same line are reprinted with a valuable introduction in C.R.Beazley, ed., _Voyages and Travels_ (New York, 1903), I, 29-126.] The defeat of the Armada in 1588 led the world to suspect the decline of Spain's maritime power, but only in the lapse of decades did the suspicion of her helplessness become a certainty.

Meantime Portugal was for sixty years an appanage of the Spanish crown, while the Netherlands were at their heroic labor for independence.

Thus when the Dutch came to prevail at sea in the early seventeenth century the Portuguese posts in Guinea fell their prey, and in 1621 the Dutch West India Company was chartered to take them over.

Closely identified with the Dutch government, this company not only founded the colony of New Netherland and endeavored to foster the employment of negro slaves there, but in 1634 it seized the Spanish island of Curacao near the Venezuelan coast and made it a basis for smuggling slaves into the Spanish dominions.

And now the English, the French and the Danes began to give systematic attention to the African and West Indian opportunities, whether in the form of buccaneering, slave trading or colonization.
The revolt of Portugal in 1640 brought a turning point.