31, note), for the style of building prevalent in Italy during the Lombard occupation, or just after.
[12] The essential difference between Italy and either Northern France or England, was that in Italy there existed monuments of Roman greatness, which could never be forgotten by her architects.

They always worked with at least half of their attention turned to the past: nor had they the exhilarating sense of free, spontaneous, and progressive invention.

This point has been well worked out by Mr.Street in the last chapter of his hook on the _Architecture of North Italy_.
[13] Even though it be now proved that not Heinrich von Gmunden, but Marco Frisone da Campione, not a German, but a Milanese, was the first architect, this is none the less true about its style.
[14] See Vol.

I., _Age of the Despots_, p.

153.
[15] Pavia, it may be mentioned, has still many towers standing, and the two at Bologna are famous.
[16] Arnolfo was born in 1232 at Colle, in the Val d'Elsa.