We have only time to glance very superficially at each.
"First there was Psychology.
"Even at the end of the nineteenth century it was beginning to be perceived that there was an inexplicable force working behind mere matter.

This force was given a number of names--the 'subliminal consciousness,' in man, and 'Nature' in the animal, vegetable, and even mineral creation; and it gave birth to a series of absurd superstitions such as that now wholly extinct sect of the 'Christian Scientists,' or the Mental Healers; and among the less educated of the Materialists, to Pantheism.

But the force was acknowledged, and it was perceived to move along definite lines of law.

Further, in the great outburst of Spiritualism it began gradually to be evident to the world that this force occasionally manifested itself in a personal, though always a malevolent manner.

Now it must be remembered that even this marked an immense advance in the circles called scientific; since in the middle of the nineteenth century, even the phenomena so carefully recorded by the Church were denied.