There was a part of Transalpine Gaul which had been already conquered and reduced to a Roman province.

It was called The Province then, and has retained the name, with a slight change in orthography, to the present day.

It is now known as Provence.
[Sidenote: Condition of Gaul in Caesar's day.] [Sidenote: Singular cavalry.] The countries which Caesar went to invade were occupied by various nations and tribes, many of which were well organized and war-like, and some of them were considerably civilized and wealthy.

They had extended tracts of cultivated land, the slopes of the hills and the mountain sides being formed into green pasturages, which were covered with flocks of goats, and sheep, and herds of cattle, while the smoother and more level tracts were adorned with smiling vineyards and broadly-extended fields of waving grain.

They had cities, forts, ships, and armies.