"O my dear master!" he cried before all the people, "rise from the tomb, and see how thy memory is trampled under foot!" Antipathy towards England, nevertheless, kept Catherine I.aloof from the Hanoverian league; she made alliance with the emperor.

France was not long before she made overtures to Spain.

Philip V.always found it painful to endure family dissensions; he became reconciled with his nephew, and accepted the intervention of Cardinal Fleury in his disagreements with England.

The alliance, signed at Seville on the 29th of November, 1729, secured to Spain, in return for certain commercial advantages, the co-operation of England in Italy.

The Duke of Parma had just died; the Infante Don Carlos, supported by an English fleet, took possession of his dominions.