The currently accepted legitimate end of effort becomes the achievement of a favourable comparison with other men; and therefore the repugnance to futility to a good extent coalesces with the incentive of emulation.

It acts to accentuate the struggle for pecuniary reputability by visiting with a sharper disapproval all shortcoming and all evidence of shortcoming in point of pecuniary success.

Purposeful effort comes to mean, primarily, effort directed to or resulting in a more creditable showing of accumulated wealth.

Among the motives which lead men to accumulate wealth, the primacy, both in scope and intensity, therefore, continues to belong to this motive of pecuniary emulation.
In making use of the term "invidious", it may perhaps be unnecessary to remark, there is no intention to extol or depreciate, or to commend or deplore any of the phenomena which the word is used to characterise.

The term is used in a technical sense as describing a comparison of persons with a view to rating and grading them in respect of relative worth or value--in an aesthetic or moral sense--and so awarding and defining the relative degrees of complacency with which they may legitimately be contemplated by themselves and by others.