It is ever the pioneer of civilization, and the Indians call it "_the white man's bird_."] [Footnote 19: It was near this spot that the brother of Mr.Hawley, a Methodist preacher, was killed by the Sauks, in 1832, after having been tortured by them with the most wanton barbarity.] [Footnote 20: Riviere Aux Plaines was the original French designation, now changed to _Desplaines_, pronounced as in English.] [Footnote 21: 1855.] [Footnote 22: See Frontispiece.] [Footnote 23: Since called N.State Street (1870).] [Footnote 24: I can recall a petition that was circulated at the garrison about this period, for "building a brigg over Michigan City." By altering the orthography, it was found to mean, not the stupendous undertaking it would seem to imply, but simply "building a bridge" over _at_ Michigan City,--an accommodation much needed by travellers at that day.] [Footnote 25: The proper orthography of this word is undoubtedly _slough_, as it invariably indicates something like that which Christian fell into in flying from the City of Destruction.

I spell it, however, as it is pronounced.] [Footnote 26: A gentleman who visited Chicago at that day, thus speaks of it: "I passed over the ground from the fort to the Point, on horseback.

I was up to my stirrups in water the whole distance.

I would not have given sixpence an acre for the whole of it."] [Footnote 27: See Narrative of the Massacre, p.

159.] [Footnote 28: Mr.Cat.] [Footnote 29: This Narrative, first published in pamphlet form in 1836, was transferred, with little variation, to Brown's "History of Illinois," and to a work called "Western Annals." It was likewise made, by Major Richardson, the basis of his two tales, "Hardscrabble," and "Wau-nan-gee."] [Footnote 30: Burns's house stood near the spot where the Agency Building, or "Cobweb Castle," was afterwards erected, at the foot of N.
State Street.] [Footnote 31: This is done by cutting the meat in thin slices, placing it upon a scaffold, and making a fire under it, which dries it and smokes it at the same time.] [Footnote 32: A trading-establishment--now Ypsilanti.] [Footnote 33: Captain Wells, when a boy, was stolen, by the Miami Indians, from the family of Hon.