For the purposes of security and independence in the expression of opinion, it seems generally conceded, that this question should be decided by ballot; and the usage has also obtained, of requiring two-thirds of the votes given to be black, to secure a conviction.

A white ball, of course, is equivalent to acquittal, and a black one to conviction.
Every member present is bound to vote, unless excused by unanimous consent.
If, on a scrutiny, it is found that the verdict is guilty, the Master or presiding officer must then put the question as to the amount and nature of the punishment to be inflicted.
He will commence with the highest penalty, or expulsion, and, if necessary, by that punishment being negatived, proceed to propose indefinite and then definite suspension, exclusion, public or private reprimand, and censure.
For expulsion or either kind of suspension, two-thirds of the votes present are necessary.

For either of the other and lighter penalties, a bare majority will be sufficient.
The votes on the nature of the punishment should be taken by a show of hands.
If the residence of the accused is not known, or if, upon due summons, he refuses or neglects to attend, the lodge may, nevertheless, proceed to trial without his presence.
In trials conducted by Grand Lodges, it is usual to take the preliminary testimony in a committee; but the final decision must always be made in the Grand Lodge.
Section II.
_Of the Evidence in Masonic Trials._ In the consideration of the nature of the evidence that is to be given in masonic trials, it is proper that we should first inquire what classes of persons are to be deemed incompetent as witnesses.
The law of the land, which, in this instance, is the same as the law of Masonry, has declared the following classes of person to be incompetent to give evidence.
1.

Persons who have not the use of reason, are, from the infirmity of their nature, considered to be utterly incapable of giving evidence.[101] This class includes idiots, madmen, and children too young to be sensible of the obligations of an oath, and to distinguish between good and evil.
2.

Persons who are entirely devoid of any such religious principle or belief as would bind their consciences to speak the truth, are incompetent as witnesses.