The maximum shearing stress occurs along a plane when it makes an angle of 45 degrees P with the axis of the specimen.

In this case, shear = -- ---.

When 2 A the value of the angle [Greek: theta] is less than 45 degrees, P the shear along the plane = -- - sin [Greek: theta] cos [Greek: A theta].

(See Fig.

13.) The effect of oblique shear is often visible in the failures of short columns.