If specimens from such a beam are tested in the ordinary testing machine it will be found that the application of the dead load did not affect the stiffness, ultimate strength, or elastic limit of the material.
In other words, the deflections and recoveries produced by live loads are the same as would have been produced had not the beam previously been subjected to a dead load.[11] [Footnote 11: See Tiemann, Harry D.: Some results of dead load bending tests of timber by means of a recording deflectometer.
Proc.Am.Soc.for Testing Materials.Phila.Vol.IX, 1909, pp.
534-548.] ~Maximum load~ is the greatest load a material will support and is usually greater than the load at rupture.
~Safe load~ is the load considered safe for a material to support in actual practice.

It is always less than the load at elastic limit and is usually taken as a certain proportion of the ultimate or breaking load.
The ratio of the breaking to the safe load is called the factor of safety.

(Factor of safety = ultimate strength / safe load) In order to make due allowance for the natural variations and imperfections in wood and in the aggregate structure, as well as for variations in the load, the factor of safety is usually as high as 6 or 10, especially if the safety of human life depends upon the structure.

This means that only from one-sixth to one-tenth of the computed strength values is considered safe to use.

If the depth of timbers exceeds four times their thickness there is a great tendency for the material to twist when loaded.
It is to overcome this tendency that floor joists are braced at frequent intervals.