(4) What is done from desire is pleasant; the involuntary is painful.

(5) Errors of passion are to be eschewed, no less than those of reason (I.).
The next point is the nature of Purpose, Determination, or Deliberate Preference [Greek: proairesis], which is in the closest kindred with moral excellence, and is even more essential, in the ethical estimate, than acts themselves.

This is a part of the Voluntary; but not co-extensive therewith.

For it excludes sudden and unpremeditated acts; and is not shared by irrational beings.

It is distinct from desire, from anger, from wish, and from opinion; with all which it is sometimes confounded.