Kiefer, who has studied Socrates in relation to homosexuality (O.Kiefer, "Socrates und die Homosexualitaet," _Jahrbuch fuer sexuelle Zwischenstufen_, vol.ix, 1908), concludes that he was bisexual but that his sexual impulses had been sublimated.

It may be added that many results of recent investigation concerning _paiderastia_ are summarized by Hirschfeld, _Die Homosexualitaet_, pp.

747-788, and by Edward Carpenter, _Intermediate Types Among Primitive Folk_, 1914, part ii; see also Bloch, _Die Prostitution_, vol.i, p.

232 et seq., and _Der Ursprung der Syphilis_, vol.ii, p.

564.
It would appear that almost the only indications outside Greece of _paiderastic_ homosexuality showing a high degree of tenderness and esthetic feeling are to be found in Persian and Arabian literature, after the time of the Abbasids, although this practice was forbidden by the Koran.[22] In Constantinople, as Naecke was informed by German inverts living in that city, homosexuality is widespread, most cultivated Turks being capable of relations with boys as well as with women, though very few are exclusively homosexual, so that their attitude would seem to be largely due to custom and tradition.