English national sentiment was enormously stimulated by the strenuous wars of the Revolutionary epoch.

The embers of Spanish national feeling were blown into spasmodic life.

The peoples of Italy and Germany had been possessed by the momentum of a common political purpose, and had been stirred by promises of national representation.

Even France, unstable though its political condition was, had lost none of the results of the Revolution for which it had fought in the beginning; and if the Bourbons were restored, it was only on the implicit condition that the monarchy should be nationalized.

The Revolutionary democracy, subversive as were its ideas, had started a new era for the European peoples of national and international construction.
Of course, it was by no means obvious in 1815 that a constructive national and international principle had come to dominate the European political system.