But Bismarck's whole scheme of national industrial organization looked in a very different direction.

He believed that the nation itself, as represented by its official leaders, should actively assist in preparing an adequate national domestic policy, and in organizing the machinery for its efficient execution.

He saw clearly that the logic and the purpose of the national type of political organization was entirely different from that of a so-called free democracy, as explained in the philosophy of the German liberals of 1848, the Manchester school in England, or our own Jeffersonian Democrats; and he successfully transformed his theory of responsible administrative activity into a comprehensive national policy.

The army was, if anything, increased in strength, so that it might remain fully adequate either for national defense or as an engine of German international purposes.

A beginning was made toward the creation of a navy.