One of the most difficult and (be it admitted) one of the most dubious problems raised by any attempt to establish a constructive relationship between those two principles hangs on the fact that hitherto national development has not apparently made for international peace.

The nations of Europe are to all appearances as belligerent as were the former European dynastic states.

Europe has become a vast camp, and its governments are spending probably a larger proportion of the resources of their countries for military and naval purposes than did those of the eighteenth century.
How can these warlike preparations, in which all the European nations share, and the warlike spirit which they have occasionally displayed, be reconciled with the existence of any constructive relationship between the national and the democratic ideas?
The question can best be answered by briefly reviewing the claims already advanced on behalf of the national principle.

I have asserted from the start that the national principle was wholly different in origin and somewhat different in meaning from the principle of democracy.

What has been claimed for nationality is, not that it can be identified with democracy, but that as a political principle it remained unsatisfied without an infusion of democracy.