It will, however, be found to be the case, as was pointed out by Mr.Balfour, that the sharp distinction between combatants and non-combatants contemplated by the ordinary laws of war is inapplicable (without the exercise of undue severity) to operations such as those now being carried out in South Africa.
I am, Sir, your obedient servant, T.E.HOLLAND.
Oxford, December 7 (1900).
"Lieber's Instructions," issued in 1863 and reissued in 1898, will doubtless be superseded, or modified, in consequence of the United States having, on April 9, 1902, ratified the Convention of 1899, and on March 10, 1908, that of 1907, as to the Laws and Customs of War on Land.
The answer to Mr.Morley's enquiry in 1900 would not now be in the negative.

The present writer's representations resulted in Mr.Brodrick, when Secretary for War, commissioning him to prepare a Handbook of the _Laws and Customs of War on Land_, which was issued to the Army by authority in 1904.

On the instructions issued by other National Governments, see the author's _Laws of War on Land_, 1908, pp.

71-73.
The answer, given in the letter, to Sir William Harcourt's question must now be supplemented by a reference to the Handbook above mentioned as having contained rules founded upon the _Reglement_ annexed to the Convention of 1899, and by a statement that that Convention, with its _Reglement_, is now superseded by Conventions No.iv.

(with its _Reglement_) and No.v.of 1907, of which account has been taken in a new Handbook upon _Land Warfare_, issued by the War Office in 1913.
As to what is required from a lawful belligerent, see Arts.