10 of the Treaty of Paris of 1856 and its annexed Convention; Art.

2 of the Treaty of London of 1871; and the confirmatory Art.

63 of the Treaty of Berlin of 1878.
These articles have exclusive reference to the "ancient rule of the Ottoman Empire," under which, so long as the Porte is at peace, no foreign ships of war are to be admitted into the Straits.

There are, however, two articles, still in force, of these "European" Treaties which may seem to bear upon the present inquiry.

By Art.