The native word means 'color,' and the first formal distinction was national, (white) Aryan and 'black-man.' The precedent class-distinctions among the Aryans themselves became fixed in course of time, and the lines between Aryans, in some regards, were drawn almost as sharply as between Aryan and slave.] [Footnote 7: Compare RV.iii.33, and in I.131.5, the words: 'God Indra, thou didst help thy suppliants; one river after another they gained who pursued glory.'] [Footnote 8: Thomas, _Rivers of the Vedas_ (JRAS.xv.

357 ff.; Zimmer, loc.cit.cap.

1).] [Footnote 9: Later called the Candrabh[=a]ga.

For the Jumna and Sarayu see below.] [Footnote 10: This is the error into which falls Brunnhofer, whose theory that the Vedic Aryans were still settled near the Caspian has been criticised above (p.

15).] [Footnote 11: Compare Geiger, _Ostiranische Cultur_, p.