CHAPTER VIII.
THE ORIGIN AND USES OF COLOUR IN ANIMALS The Darwinian theory threw new light on organic colour--The problem to be solved--The constancy of animal colour indicates utility--Colour and environment--Arctic animals white--Exceptions prove the rule--Desert, forest, nocturnal, and oceanic animals--General theories of animal colour--Variable protective colouring--Mr.Poulton's experiments--Special or local colour adaptations--Imitation of particular objects--How they have been produced--Special protective colouring of butterflies--Protective resemblance among marine animals--Protection by terrifying enemies--Alluring coloration--The coloration of birds' eggs--Colour as a means of recognition--Summary of the preceding exposition--Influence of locality or of climate on colour--Concluding remarks.
Among the numerous applications of the Darwinian theory in the interpretation of the complex phenomena presented by the organic world, none have been more successful, or are more interesting, than those which deal with the colours of animals and plants.

To the older school of naturalists colour was a trivial character, eminently unstable and untrustworthy in the determination of species; and it appeared to have, in most cases, no use or meaning to the objects which displayed it.

The bright and often gorgeous coloration of insect, bird, or flower, was either looked upon as having been created for the enjoyment of mankind, or as due to unknown and perhaps undiscoverable laws of nature.
But the researches of Mr.Darwin totally changed our point of view in this matter.

He showed, clearly, that some of the colours of animals are useful, some hurtful to them; and he believed that many of the most brilliant colours were developed by sexual choice; while his great general principle, that all the fixed characters of organic beings have been developed under the action of the law of utility, led to the inevitable conclusion that so remarkable and conspicuous a character as colour, which so often constitutes the most obvious distinction of species from species, or group from group, must also have arisen from survival of the fittest, and must, therefore, in most cases have some relation to the wellbeing of its possessors.

Continuous observation and research, carried on by multitudes of observers during the last thirty years, have shown this to be the case; but the problem is found to be far more complex than was at first supposed.