Here both forces worked in the same direction.
In England conditions were much the same, and from the sixteenth century produced there a predominant maritime development which was due not solely to a long indented coastline and an exceptional location for participating in European and American trade.

Its limited island area, its large extent of rugged hills and chalky soil fit only for pasturage, and the lack of a really generous natural endowment,[12] made it slow to answer the demands of a growing population, till the industrial development of the nineteenth century exploited its mineral wealth.

So the English turned to the sea--to fish, to trade, to colonize.

Holland's conditions made for the same development.

She united advantages of coastline and position with a small infertile territory, consisting chiefly of water-soaked grazing lands.