Therefore, when the limits of authority delegated to their captains by the people were overstepped, the sway of the princes became confessedly illegal.

Illegality carried with it all the consequences of an evil conscience, all the insecurities of usurped dominion all the danger from without and from within to which an arbitrary governor is exposed.

In the _fourth_ class we find the principle of force still more openly at work.

To it may be assigned those Condottieri who made a prey of cities at their pleasure.

The illustrious Uguccione della Faggiuola, who neglected to follow up his victory over the Guelfs at Monte Catini, in order that he might cement his power in Lucca and Pisa, is an early instance of this kind of tyrant.