The idea of a struggle for national rejuvenation in Eussia itself had not yet matured.

It appeared as an active force only in the following decade.

[1] During the era of pogroms the salvation of Judaism was primarily associated with the idea of emigration.

The champions of American emigration were prone to idealize this movement, which had in reality sprung from practical necessity, and they saw in it, not without justification, the beginning of a new free center of Judaism in the Diaspora.

The Hebrew poet Judah Leib Gordon [2] addresses "The Daughter of Jacob [the Jewish people], disgraced by the son of Hamor [the Russian Government]" [3] in the following words: [Footnote 1: That idea was subsequently championed by the writer of this volume.