He found the solution of the Jewish problems in the "Love of Zion," of which he became the philosophic exponent.

At a later stage he became an ardent champion of political Zionism.
7.

JEWISH LITERATURE IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE The left wing of "enlightenment" was represented during this period by Jewish literature in the Russian language, which had several noteworthy exponents.

It is interesting to observe that, whereas all the prominent writers in Hebrew were children of profoundly nationalistic Lithuania, those that wrote in Russian, with the sole exception of Levanda, were natives of South Russia, where the two extremes, stagnant Hasidism and radical Russification, fought for supremacy.

The founder of this branch of Jewish literature was Osip (Joseph) Rabinovich (1817-1869), a Southerner, a native of Poltava and a resident of Odessa.