Meanwhile the advance of an English force against the Border, where they occupied Langholm, caused Arran to lead thither the national levies.

But this gave no great relief to the besieged in the castle of St Andrews.

In mid-July a well- equipped French fleet swept up the east coast; men were landed with guns; French artillery was planted on the cathedral roof and the steeple of St Salvator's College, and poured a plunging fire into the castle.

In a day or two, on the last of July, the garrison surrendered.

Knox, with many of his associates, was placed in the galleys and carried captive to France.