CHAPTER XII.
ARMY ORGANIZATION--ENGINEERS.
_Engineers_ .-- The term _engineer_ is derived from the unclassical Latin word _ingenium_, which was applied both to a _machine_ and the _mind_ or _skill_ of the person who devised or constructed it.
It was Philip Augustus, say the French writers, who first introduced engineers (_engigneurs_, or _engignours_, as they were called) into France, and restored the art of sieges.

The engineers of that age were seldom charged with the construction of works of military defence, but, like Archimedes at Syracuse, and Longinus at Palmyra, they directed their attention principally to devising implements of war and the most effective manner of using them.

Engines of war were at that time divided between the _engigneurs_ and the _artilliers_; the former being charged with the heavier machines, and the latter with the smaller weapons used for throwing projectiles.

After the invention of gunpowder, the old battering-rams, cranes, helipoles, &c., disappeared, and with them the _engigneurs_, or masters of engines.

The new inventions were united with the few old projectile machines that remained in the artillery, and the engineers were for a time left almost without employment.