He further postulated a concordance between the order of thought and the order of existence in the universe, and inclined to the doctrine of necessity in morals.

Bruno thus obtained _per saltum_ a prospect over the whole domain of knowledge subsequently traversed by rationalism in metaphysics, theology and ethics.

In the course of these demonstrations and deductions he anticipated Descartes' position of the identity of mind and being.

He supplied Spinoza with the substance of his reasoned pantheism; Leibnitz with his theory of monadism and pre-established harmony.

He laid down Hegel's doctrine of contraries, and perceived that thought was a dialectic process.