and grind it into powder at Bologna; and this outrage, as it appears, went unpunished.

The very troops employed in reducing rebellious Florence were commanded by a Lutheran general; and Clement began to fear that, after Charles's departure, the Prince of Orange might cross the Apennines and expose the Papal person to the insults of another captivity in Bologna.

Nor were the gathering forces of revolutionary Protestants alone ominous.

Though Soliman had been repulsed before Vienna, the Turks were still advancing on the eastern borders of the Empire.

Their fleets swept the Levantine waters, while the pirate dynasties of Tunis and Algiers threatened the whole Mediterranean coast with ruin.