In almost every department of life two such schools must always exist, and nowhere is such conflict less inevitable than in the art of war, whether by sea or land.

Yet just as our comparatively high degree of success in politics is the outcome of the perpetual conflict of the two great parties in the state, so it is probably only by the conflict of the two normal schools of naval thought that we can hope to work out the best adjusted compromise between free initiative and concentrated order.
It was the school of Penn and the Duke of York that triumphed at the close of these great naval wars.

The attempt of Monck and Rupert to preserve individual initiative and freedom to seize opportunities was discarded, and for nearly a century formality had the upper hand.

Yet the Duke of York must not be regarded as wholly hostile to initiative or unwilling to learn from his rivals.

The second and most remarkable of the new instructions acquits him.