Pardon was freely extended to all who had resisted the invasion, and order and public peace were rigidly enforced.
[Sidenote: Confirmation of the Charters] But the triumph, rapid and complete as it was, had more than exhausted the aids granted by the Parliament.

The treasury was utterly drained.

The struggle indeed widened as every month went on; the costly fight with the French in Gascony called for supplies, while Edward was planning a yet costlier attack on northern France with the aid of Flanders.

Need drove him on his return from Scotland in 1297 to measures of tyrannical extortion which seemed to recall the times of John.

His first blow fell on the Church.