Flanders alone held true of all England's foreign allies.

Edward was powerless to attack Philip in the realm he claimed for his own; what strength he could gather was needed to prevent the utter ruin of the English cause in Scotland on the return of David Bruce.

Edward's soldiers had been driven from the open country and confined to the fortresses of the Lowlands.

Even these were at last reft away.

Perth was taken by siege, and the king was too late to prevent the surrender of Stirling.