On the other hand, in the universities founded on the Paris model the masters had control of the studies, though the students, also in nations, managed their own affairs.
Two universities have a special interest at this period in connection with the development of medical studies, Bologna and Montpellier.

At the former the study of anatomy was revived.

In the knowledge of the structure of the human body no advance had been made for more than a thousand years--since Galen's day.

In the process of translation from Greek to Syriac, from Syriac to Arabic, from Arabic to Hebrew, and from Hebrew or Arabic to Latin, both the form and thought of the old Greek writers were not infrequently confused and often even perverted, and Galen's anatomy had suffered severely in the transmission.

Our earliest knowledge of the teaching of medicine at Bologna is connected with a contemporary of Dante, Taddeo Alderotti, who combined Arabian erudition with the Greek spirit.