The French soldiery, hemmed in, insulted, and whenever they could be found separately, sacrificed--often with every circumstance of savage torture--retorted by equal barbarity whenever they had the means.

Popular bodies (juntas) assumed the conduct of affairs in most of the cities and provinces, renounced the yoke of France, reproclaimed Ferdinand king, and at the maritime stations of chief importance entered into communication with the English fleets, from whom they failed not to receive pecuniary supplies, and every encouragement to proceed in their measures.

Deputies were sent to England without delay; and welcomed there with the utmost enthusiasm of sympathy and admiration.

England could both speak and act openly.

Throughout the whole of the enslaved continent the news of the Spanish insurrection was brooded over with a sullen joy.
Napoleon received the intelligence with alarm; but he had already gone too far to retract without disturbing the magical influence of his reputation.