This effort, however, cost him his throne, for he was expelled on April 13, 1523, and wandered over Europe in exile until his death.

[Sidenote: 1559] The Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, to whom the crown was offered, reigned for ten years as Frederic I.

Though his coronation oath bound him to do nothing against the church, he had only been king for three years before he came out openly for the Reformation.

In this again we must see primarily a policy, rather than a conviction.

He was supported, however, by the common people, who had been disgusted by the indulgences sold by Arcimboldi [Sidenote: 1516-19] and by the constant corruption of the higher clergy.