His jealousy of the Jesuits, in whom he saw a rival to his own order, not only caused him to neglect to use them but made him put them in a very critical position.

Nor did he dare to summon again the council that had been prorogued, for fear that some stronger power should use it against himself.

He chafed under the Spanish yoke, coming nearer to a conflict with Charles V and his son Philip II than any pope had ventured to do.

He even thought of threatening Philip with the Inquisition, but was restrained by prudence.

In his purpose of freeing Italy from foreign domination he accomplished nothing whatever.
[Sidenote: Pius IV, 1560-5] Pius IV was a contrast to the predecessor whom he hated.