In the year 1600 Milan with Lombardy had 1,350,000 inhabitants; Savoy in Italy 800,000; continental Genoa 500,000; Parma, Piacenza and Modena together 500,000; Sardinia 300,000; Corsica 150,000; Malta 41,000; Lucca 110,000.

The population of Rome fluctuated violently.

In 1521 it is supposed to have been about 55,000, but was reduced by the sack to 32,000.

After this it rapidly recovered, reaching 45,000 under Paul IV (1558), and 100,000 under Sixtus V (1590).

The total population of the States of the Church when the first census was taken in 1656 was 1,880,000.
[Sidenote: Spain] The final impression one gets after reading the extremely divergent estimates of the population of Spain is that it increased during the first half of the century and decreased during the latter half.