Lewis alone still maintained a powerful army, and by his preparations rendered himself every day more formidable.

He now acted as if he were the sole sovereign in Europe, and as if all other princes were soon to become his vassals.

Courts or chambers were erected in Metz and Brisac, for reuniting such territories as had ever been members of any part of his new conquests.

They made inquiry into titles buried in the most remote antiquity.

They cited the neighboring princes to appear before them, and issued decrees, expelling them the contested territories.