Likewise with the new Jacobins of the present day, according to them, since instruction is a good thing,[6386] the broader and deeper it is the better; since broad and deep instruction is very good, the State should, with all its energy and by every means in its power, inculcate it on the greatest possible number of children, boys and adolescents.

Such, henceforth, is the word of command from on high, transmitted down to the three stages of superior, secondary and primary instruction.[6387] Consequently, from 1876 to 1890,[6388] the State expends for superior instruction, in buildings alone, 99,000,000 francs.

Formerly, the receipts of the Faculties about covered their expenses; at the present day, the State allows them annually 6,000,000 francs more than their receipts.

It has founded and supports 221 new (professional) chairs, 168 complementary courses of lectures, 129 conferences and, to supply the attendants, it provides, since 1877, 300 scholarships for those preparing for the license and, since 1881, 200 scholarships for those preparing for the aggregation.

Similarly, in secondary instruction, instead of 81 lycees in 1876, it has 100 in 1887[6389]; instead of 3,820 scholarships in 1876, it distributes, in 1887, 10,528; instead of 2,200,000 francs expended for this branch of instruction in 1857, it expends 18,000,000 in 1889 .-- This overload of teaching caused overloaded exams: it was necessary to include more science than in the past to curriculum of the grades delivered and determined by the State.